Chromatography Questions Essay Example for Free

Chromatography Questions EssayProcedure1. Define chromatography 2. Gather materials for the lab. 3. Mark the filter report card with a pencil line 2.0 cm from the wind up of the written report. 4. Write the color of the felt marker in pencil at the top of the filter paper. 5. With a felt pen, trace a dot on the middle of the pencil line. Let the spot dry. 6. Repeat the process adding more ink to the spot. Try to make it thicker, not wider. 7. Set that filter paper aside. 8. Repeat 2-5 using a new filter paper and another color. 9. Secure the two pieces of filter paper using the paper clip and hang them so they reach the 25-50 ml mark in the change 400 ml beaker. 10. Remove the papers from the DRY beaker and set aside.11. Using the 10 ml graduated cylinder, measure and pour 2.0 ml of vinegar into the 400 ml beaker. 12. Fill the 400 ml beaker with sufficiency water to make a water-vinegar solution to the 25-50 ml mark. 13. Carefully place the two pieces of filter paper in the beaker so the dots are not contact the water-vinegar solution. If they fall into the solution, you will have to start over. 14. Observe the ink spot as the water-vinegar solution moves up the paper. 15. When the solution reaches the paper clip, remove it and mark the end of the solution with a pencil. 16. Let the filter papers dry on a paper towel. 17. Record your observations. 18. Measure and sketch the colors that you observe.Analysis tell these on another sheet of paper in ink or type. (Rewrite questions.)1. Define chromatography. 2. With the scurrilous marker, how many different colors can you identify? hunt this. 3. Why do you see different colors at various locations on the filter paper? 4. Compare and contrast the colors in the black and/or brown markers on the filter paper with one other marker that is not black/brown. 5. How is the technique of chromatography used to separate a mixed bag? 6. Is chromatography a physical or chemical change? ExplainConclusion1. Describe what you have learned from this lab.2. Research different types of chromatography to understand how it is used. Rewrite this in your own words.

Barbara Kruger Art Style Analysis

Barbara Kruger Art Style AnalysisBarbara Kruger, an American graphic designer who starts to light modern day problems of society using her art as a message conveyer of society problems. Her artwork consists of various pictures spliced together and newspaper like letters as captions for what she is conveying. Her artwork unlike some others doesnt immediately go into a museum or on a world tour instead its towards advertisement. This brings in more viewers and allows her to display what she what problems in society she compulsions to convey. Some of these artworks that bring to light issues are a picture of Adolf Hitler with his eyes blocked out and written on top of his photo the phrase If you dont control your mind soul else will, or the one I will be focusing on the most You are a captive audience.The first thing I want to bring up before I go into her work is shes seen as an artist with mixed reviews, because shes so open revealing political problems in the world. An hold in T he New York Times praises Barbara Kruger for using her art to bring attention to these issues tho also criticizes it for sometimes sugarcoating things, thus losing its edge and full effect. The casing utilise is her Your Body is a Battleground. It depicts a womans face in black and white showing it doesnt matter what race your body is still a battleground for what you engage to do. It was created to support the pro-choice belief of most feminists. It was an attempt to legalize abortions birth control and strengthen womens rights. Now from my perspective I dont think she sugarcoated this problem at all. In the text of the artwork it clearly states support legal abortion, birth control, womens rights. She wants us to know she stands for pro-choice womens rights and thinks it needs to put into the limelight and dodged around.Another example can come from You are a captive audience. This work of art pictures what I presume a man putting on his lovers finger a wedding ring. There is another version of it with dental work and a tooth being removed from a patient. This caption says people are so easy captivated by extreme versions of our emotions. The ring version shows how easily as a society people can be easily captured by emotions of merriment and happiness. Now the same thing can be said with fear. The dental version shows the tooth being removed from a patient and without a numbing ingredient of some kind this would hurt a person quite a bit. People love emotions even the more dark and negative ones like horrify and disgusted.Going back to a previous artwork mentioned If you dont control your mind someone else will. This piece is rather dark if you think closely it. Since its talking about someone controlling your mind which weve seen throughout history can happen if you choose not to think for yourself. To bring this up to the world you cant sugarcoat it especially using a figure the world revers as a symbol of dark times and tragedy. Barbara Kruger d oesnt try to scare people with the phrases she uses but rather the phrases she uses can be moving. Using another work, she created which most of America knows as Your comfort is my silence. What makes this piece so moving is the simple fact of if your blessed Im happy. No one can complain so someone elses comfort can be someone elses silence because they dont need to say anything to begin with. In an interview caption it says when someone asks someone what they think about Barbara Kruger they say she was obviously important during early 1980s but now she isnt so relevant and they cant name any of her more recent works. I once again disagree with this because she points out problems with modern day things to. Her work Remote break points out how easily the society we live in has gone to basically machines doing everything for us. This is a pressing issue with the growing obesity in the nation among other things.With all this said I say Barbara Kruger is doing well with her art and is not sugarcoating anything and is taking a stand to reveal the problems of society in a unforgettable way. When someone judges her work, I think they need to realize the artwork she does is not for visual appeal as it is to make you think and realize what it means. develop Count 757Works CitedBishop, Claire. Interview With Barbara Kruger. MAKE Magazine, 9.Cottner, Holland. Art In Review. The New York Times, C29.Hagan, Charles. Barbara Kruger Cover Girl. The New York Times, June 14, 1992, 82.Linker, Kate. Love For Sale. New York Times Book Review, 3.

Small Business Development Can Beauty Parlour Marketing Essay

Small championship Development Can strike Parlour Marketing EssayThis reflective report volition describe my protest role in helping the aggroup to achieve its goal in relation to the backing excogitation. Also I will provide evidence of my occasion to the success of the team from the idea initiation and how I facilitated the completion of the Business plan.It started like this, I was arranged in a congregation of three fractions, a team with other pigeonholing mates which were all new to me. Although we were in a same class since the beginning of the course tho I was not close to them. Our group chatms to understand separately other quickly because of the good communication. We always solved easily problems encountered through out the exercise.As a group we were performed different tasks in making a railway line plan. The aim of this pipeline is to acquire a loan from a bank, so as to help our watcher parlor derriere Beauty Parlor to start the parentage in relati on to capital and assets. Afsa was trustworthy for the marketing , Christine had a task of future beauty fashions exploits as well as identifying the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from Afsa and ChrisstineThe report overly illustrates the Team work, our mutual interest as a group, idea initiation carry out and the experience achieved from presenting the business plan and as well as my personal views towards the whole business plan. The business plan has allowed us to work as a group and also learn of the industry as a whole and we were able to apply the academic theories we learned passim our course .1TEAM WORKCAN beauty parlor came to be a perfect choice of our mutual interest of the whole group.Our group consistent of three pile eager to carry out our tasks in relation to the writing the business plan. We started by splitting the tasks so that we could expect emulation to see who achieve the task goals as we planned. My team included Afsa Bhanji, Christine Mkwawa and myselfWe as a group were allocated different tasks in order to form the business plan. Afsa was responsible for the marketing, Christine had to analyse the industry and identify the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from colleagues of our beauty parlorThe three of us were not conversant with each other although we find been studying in the same college for some years. and we were not engaging in regular conversation during the classes so it was not easy for us to work as a team. But all three of us had an interest in setting up a beauty outlet where plenty will come and get quality service different from others.We came over Five stages of group development i.e forming, norming, storming, performing and adjourning. Although the norming stage took a while but after knowing each other well the rest of the stages went such(prenominal) easier. As we have now completed our business plan we have undefiled up the adjourning stage.Christine , enjoys regular visiting most of the famous salons in town. She is a beauty lover and is always up to date with the upcoming fashions. She has contacts with several people that performs beauty at different venues in Dar es Salaam. Her strength is aw areness of popular beauty trends.Afsa too is a beauty lover. Her beauty interest includes of nails, whisker , and skin. She currently participated in a beauty contest in Tanzania her strength is being well conversant in the beauty industry.Myself, I dont have much interest in beauty but I love running a hotel my strength in this exercise was identifying the opportunity as I related the organic restaurant by seeing the opportunity of start a salon using instinctive beauty products.We worked as a team with identification of e rattlingones contribution related to the tasks, we coordinated and make sure we achieved our goals.2PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATIONOur team wanted to create an idea which will be effective and being able to achieve the goals in the business we planned as a our group.As a team we all put frontwards suggestions to come over one effective Idea. Industry situation of the current market was our first priority before choosing the idea.Our discussion included-1. An Organic eateryThe idea was good as the Industry is very profitable, as there is no m both such restaurants which makes the business less competitive. But we hesitated getting into this business as all of us had any experience on the said business. Then we dropped the idea.2. Dry cleaning Business .Several dry cleaners are operating in the markets. People today require this service to make their life easier. But collectable to investment costs to buy the modern machines and due the lack of experience in that field we deduct chose the idea.3. Beauty Parlor.The final choice was to open a beauty salon. The whole idea was a place difficult as how our project will succeed while they is a fleet of salon in Tanzania.We came out with the Idea of differencing ourselves from other by opening a Beauty Salon by using Natural Beauty Products.Our final choice which was a beauty Parlor was an interest of the whole group. process of idea initiation has been very difficult to us as we had to take risk by introducing infixed beauty products which is the new product in the beauty industry. What we had to do was laying out strategies and make sure we implemented them accordingly.3PRESENTATION EXPERIENCEPresenting the CAN Beauty parlour to our tutor allowed us to see the other side of our business plan.After passing through the pages of the written business plan obvious would come out with several questions to the parts that needs more elaboration.We were informed of executive summary was too brief as doesnt show everything in our business plan, we were needed to elaborate a bit more. We were also needed to draw a graph showing the break even point.Presentation always adds wei ght to the Business plan as the investors may have a clear picture as the presents will be able to deliver what is need from the investors, question will be answered and criticism can be responded during the exercise of presentation.Presentation is a good experience as the panel can ask questions and need elaborations as we can communicate orally which will hell the business man to defend the projections written in the business plan.4ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOThe beauty Industry is tightly come but exactly self I can optimistic to the group of our Beauty Parlour as per business plan. As we differentiated ourselves by using the natural products our business will be able to increase its profit by 5% every year as we communicate in our financial parts.The services we tin will attract many people as the product are new in this Industry. Our service will be delivered by professional provide which will make our parlour more popular once customers experience our services.Another factor that greatly effects our growth is our initial geographic location. CAN beauty parlour will be located in Masaki near the shopping mall and tourist hotel. Our target market is a small role of the population compromising of the middle and high income earners who are either employed or operate their own business. Our initial location will tend to suck the business of these customers due to the traffic.Lastly, the demand for healthy beauty products we will be able to make a good business as the health perplexity is the major issue among the people living in urban areas5ACADEMIC THEORIES IN THE BUSINESS PLANWe were able to apply to our project a shared leadership once we divided our team in three different parts according to the tasks we were able to take responsibilities for different parts of the business plan. We learned that everyone can work towards a common goal and there is no need to be just one separate leader. Every member has a share in helping to lead the group. With the exper ience of leadership we also showed the importance of being ethical leaders, Ethical leadership is very great in any organization. .We were also able to analyse the current situation of the beauty industry attractiveness and profitability by using Michael Porters five forces. The Business plan was a great example for us to apply our knowledge of our academic theories. Our small group was able to make our business plan very effective since we had meetings every week we were able to keep it going without much toil. Another topic which came to our help is the SWOT depth psychology this frame work helped us to identify our competitors and where our firm stand by identifying our strengths and weaknesses, and also the business model the use off differentiation strategies here we displayed our competitive advantage using the natural beauty products which is different from our competitors.The use of the those theories helped us to increase our knowledge as we applied the in the real situati on and see it working. By using the roles in making the business plan will help us a freshet in our effort to make our job easier in the future..6ADVANTAGES AND restriction OF BUSINESS PLANThe main importance of the business plan is the industry analysis as well as market plan. It is through the industry analysis that businessman will be able to fully known the current market situations and also good identify it competitors. The industry analysis allows an entrepreneur to initiate the first decision whether to enter the market as well as the final..A well written Business Plan is the true picture of any business because it gives details on how you plan to serve your customers and retain them.The Business Plan is important to any business as it is based in operation and management plans.Referring to our business plan the Industry analysis is will give our business an advantage to fully view the current market situation and thoroughly Identifies our competitors, and also help in kno wing our competitive advantage which in this case is the differentiation strategy on our services using the natural Beauty Products.A well written Business Plan make implementation of strategies easier and helps to increase business market share.But the disadvantage could be As we projected that our financial growth will be 5% every year, this will be actionable if the implementation of the strategies will be as planned.Comparing to the actual operation the projected growth in the business plan could be wrong.7OTHER AREAS AND CONCLUSIONThe overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging. As different individuals are involved, it is difficult to come up with one point of view and hence there can be a few of disagreements and then to see the situation again and come to the final decision.I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country. We took up the chance of introducing the salon services by using the natural products and we are certain that the business will achieve growth or expansion in the future.ConclusionsI have benefited from the Business Plan writing in a number of ways1. I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country3. The overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging .Areas of ImprovementI entail that the Business Plan writing can be of greater relevance if more time is allowed for sitting together as a team.I have I now realize that getting business done as projected requires much more knowledge and practice of a written Business PlanLastly, I would like to thank Afsa for her cooperation throughout the exercise in the team and whenever I was stuck she gave me advice, she was always there to give me a hand..8

The Importance of Religion to American Slaves Essay -- Exploratory Ess

The Importance of Religion to American Slaves Whether one nonices or not, separately person has the full to make choices concerning his or her life. Being able to make these decisions is a God-given right that vibrates in the heart of every human being who claims self-discipline and mastery oer his or her own self. However, for hard workers, this concept did not exist, and they became the property of someone else with no place to call their own. For this reason, many slaves turned to religion to alleviate them in their darkest hour, to function them gain the strength to continue in their struggles, and to hope that a day would come when they would rise above their condition to a erupt place. For slave-owners, the Bible became a place where the institution of slavery was justified, but for the slaves, Christianity became a symbol of redemption in which they envisioned a succeeding(a) free from bondage, and if temporal escape was not possible, their creed would be rewarded i n the afterlife, securing them a home of their own in a free heaven. While many white slave owners discouraged slaves from accomplishment the Bible for fear it would encourage slaves to seek freedom, slaves, nevertheless, felt the Bible was their source for obtaining earthly freedom thus their persistent hope for the future was tied to their faith in God. (Stammering Tongue, 57). Their convictions gave them the ounce of hope they needed to believe that there was a better life awaiting them. The Spirit of the Lord allowed black slaves to egest the horizon of their present(prenominal) experiences and to hope for a future in which they would be free. (Stammering Tongue, 60). In Frederick Douglass Narrati... ...ome of his own in a free heaven. WORKS CITEDCut emit Your Stammering Tongue blackamoor Theology in the Slave Narratives. Ed. D. Hopkins and G. Cummings. New York Orbis Books, 1991.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The Heat h Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1998. 1762-1813.Escott, Paul D. thralldom Remembered. Chapel cumulus University of North Carolina Press, 1979.Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion. New York Oxford University Press, 1978.Stowe, Harriet B. Uncle Toms Cabin. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. 2310-2356. Wilmore, Gayraud S. inexorable Religion and Black Radicalism. Garden urban center Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1972. The Importance of Religion to American Slaves Essay -- Exploratory EssThe Importance of Religion to American Slaves Whether one notices or not, each person has the right to make choices concerning his or her life. Being able to make these decisions is a God-given right that vibrates in the heart of every human being who claims possession and mastery over his or her own self. However, for slaves, this concept did not e xist, and they became the property of someone else with no place to call their own. For this reason, many slaves turned to religion to comfort them in their darkest hour, to help them gain the strength to continue in their struggles, and to hope that a day would come when they would rise above their condition to a better place. For slave-owners, the Bible became a place where the institution of slavery was justified, but for the slaves, Christianity became a symbol of redemption in which they envisioned a future free from bondage, and if earthly escape was not possible, their faith would be rewarded in the afterlife, securing them a home of their own in a free heaven. While many white slave owners discouraged slaves from learning the Bible for fear it would encourage slaves to seek freedom, slaves, nevertheless, felt the Bible was their source for obtaining earthly freedom thus their persistent hope for the future was tied to their faith in God. (Stammering Tongue, 57). Their convic tions gave them the ounce of hope they needed to believe that there was a better life awaiting them. The Spirit of the Lord allowed black slaves to transcend the horizon of their immediate experiences and to hope for a future in which they would be free. (Stammering Tongue, 60). In Frederick Douglass Narrati... ...ome of his own in a free heaven. WORKS CITEDCut Loose Your Stammering Tongue Black Theology in the Slave Narratives. Ed. D. Hopkins and G. Cummings. New York Orbis Books, 1991.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1998. 1762-1813.Escott, Paul D. Slavery Remembered. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1979.Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion. New York Oxford University Press, 1978.Stowe, Harriet B. Uncle Toms Cabin. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Boston Houghton Mi fflin Co., 1998. 2310-2356. Wilmore, Gayraud S. Black Religion and Black Radicalism. Garden City Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1972.

Terrorism and the Fight for Freedom Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resear

The Fight for Freedom Most of the time, when thinking back to the sixties, people rememberhearing almost things such(prenominal) as sex, drugs, and racism. However, what theyoften tend to overlook is the abundant emphasis freedoms had on the era.This does not just refer to the freedoms already possessed by everyAmerican of the time. This focuses on the youths fight to gain freedom orbreak away from the value and ideas left behind by the elderly generation.While some authors when writing about the sixties give serious accounts ofthe youths fights to scram these freedoms, others tend to take adifferent and more dramatic approach to showing the struggles involved inthese fights. Yet, all told of the authors have the same basic values andmessages in mind. They all, more or less, aim to show the many freedomswhich their generation was fighting for. These fights were used to help budge for freedoms from areas such as societys rules and values,competition, living for others first, and the older generations beliefs asa whole including the freedom to use drugs. The younger generation justwanted a fate to extend their own views rather than having to perpetuallysuccumb to the values and rules left behind by the older generation. The 2 different approaches used by authors to express these viewsare often representative of the two main systems used by youths to helpgain their freedoms. The first approach, taken by the Port Huron Statementand authors such as Gerzon, Reich, Revel and Gitlin, follows the ideals ofthe upstart left-hand(a). The brand-new Left represents youths striving for political changethrough cultural means. People are encouraged to work for their ideal... ... The freedoms may not be fully there, save many of the beliefs and values behind thestruggle to acquire those freedoms are still there. WORKS CITEDThe Port Huron Statement. The New Left A Documentary History. Ed. Massimo Teodori. New York The Bobbs- Merrill Co, 1969.Reich, Charles A. The Ne w Generation. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin Jerry. Our Leaders Are Seven- Year Olds. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin, Jerry. We Are all told Human Be-ins. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972. Terrorism and the Fight for Freedom Essay -- exploratory Essays ResearThe Fight for Freedom Most of the time, when thinking back to the sixties, people rememberhearing about things such as sex, drugs, and racism. However, what theyoften tend to overlook is the large emphasis freedoms had on the era.This does not just refer to the freedoms already possessed by everyAmerican of the time. This focuses on the youths fight to gain freedom orbreak away from the values and ideas left behind by the older generation.While some authors when writing about the sixties give serious accounts ofthe youths fights to obtain these freedoms, others tend to take adifferent and more dramatic approach to showing the struggles involved inthese fights. Yet, all of the authors have the same basic values andmessages in mind. They all, more or less, aim to show the many freedomswhich their generation was fighting for. These fights were used to helppush for freedoms from areas such as societys rules and values,competition, living for others first, and the older generations beliefs asa whole including the freedom to use drugs. The younger generation justwanted a chance to express their own views rather than having to constantlysuccumb to the values and rules left behind by the older generation. The two different approaches used by authors to express these viewsare often representative of the two main systems used by youths to helpgain their freedoms. The first approach, taken by the Port Huron Statementand authors such as Gerzon, Reich, Revel and Gitlin, follows the ideals ofthe New Left. The New Left represents youths striving for political changethrough cultural means. People are encouraged to work for their ideal... ... The freedomsmay not be fully there, but many of the beliefs and values behind thestruggle to acquire those freedoms are still there. WORKS CITEDThe Port Huron Statement. The New Left A Documentary History. Ed. Massimo Teodori. New York The Bobbs- Merrill Co, 1969.Reich, Charles A. The New Generation. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin Jerry. Our Leaders Are Seven- Year Olds. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.Rubin, Jerry. We Are All Human Be-ins. American Values in Transition. Ed. Robert C. Bannister. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972.

Sensation, Emotion, and Thought :: Self Identity Growth Essays

Sensation, Emotion, and ThoughtMany times in life good deal get stuck with the same points of view and do non see any former(a) way to see answers be points of view. Therefore they do not see answers that are in front of them and can not change. Seeing other peoples points of view and expanding on them is how people grow and can widen what there beliefs are. In an introduction book for philosophy, Wisdom Without Answers, the writers give a make up understanding of how philosophy can answer questions for people Philosophy shows us how to identify the limitations of our own points of view. But it does more It teaches us how to get outside ourselves-how to endanger the barriers of our familiar framework of answers (Kolak & Martin 3). We only know a small part of life but by just thinking that are own thoughts and beliefs are right and that we will not look at the other side and stay to the familiar. The only way to grow and really be smart active life is to see that there is muc h we do not know. There are three combined parts of the self that makes experiences Sensation, sense, and our own thoughts. You can not leave one without the other two. When you touch something with your finger there is pressure on the skin and from that a thought comes from you brain which also make an emotion about the action come out. The question the author is giving the readers in Wisdom Without Answers is they really connected together. If you have a thought do you have emotion connected to it and maybe a sensation too. Your finger can think for itself so something has to be given information to you so that you know what you are doing or feeling. This is a dilemma because they all circular around each other so they have to be connected. We dont want are thoughts that make up some of an experience to be false. In chapter eight, the idea of experience is explored. The orientation is that sensation, emotion and thought are all components of any experience. The freak out begins when the author explains that there is a difference between what we experience and the interpretation of that experience. Any sensation is based on our minds interpretation of it.

The Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Research Paper

The minimum plight is something that F.D.R. put in place a long time ago during the big(p) Depression. I dont think it worked then. It didnt solve any problems then and it hasnt solved any problems in 50 years.-- John RaeseFor many years it has been a matter of naturalized wisdom among economists that the minimum lucre causes fewer jobs to exist than would be the case without it. This is simply a matter of price theory, taught in every economics textbook, requiring no elaborate analysis to justify. Were this not the case, there would be no logical reason why the minimum wage could not be set at $10, $100, or $1 million per hour. Historically, defenders of the minimum wage have not disputed the dis-employment effects of the minimum wage, but argued that on balance the working piteous were better off. In other words, the higher incomes of those with jobs offset the lower incomes of those without jobs, as a result of the minimum wage l levitan. Now, President Obama is advancing the invigorated economic theory that modest increases in the minimum wage will have no impact whatsoever on employment. This proposition is based just on the work of three economists David Card and Alan Krueger of Princeton, and Lawrence Katz of Harvard. Their studies of increases in the minimum wage in California, Texas and New Jersey apparently found no loss of jobs among quick food restaurants that were surveyed before and after the increase l card-92b, l krueger, and l katz. While it is not yet clear why Card, Katz and Krueger got the results that they did, it is clear that their findings are straight contrary to virtually every empirical study ever done on the minimum wage. These studies were exhaustively surveyed by the negligible pursue Study Commission, which reason that a 10% increase in the minimum wage reduced teenage employment by 1% to 3%. The following survey of the schoolman research on the minimum wage is designed to give nonspecialists a sense of just how isola ted the Card, Krueger and Katz studies are. It will also indicate that the minimum wage has wide-ranging negative effects that go beyond unemployment. For example, higher minimum wages encourage employers to cut back on training, thus depriving low wage workers of an important means of long-term advancement, in return for a small increase in current income. For many workers this is a very ... ...g (1996), Who Gets What from Minimum Wage Hikes, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (April) 547-52.------, and T. A. Finegan (1989), The Minimum Wage and the Poor The End of a Relationship, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 8 (Winter) 53-71.23wCard, D., and A. Krueger (1995), Myth and Measurement (Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press).Deere, D., K. M. Murphy and F. Welch (1995), Employment and the 1990-1991 Minimum Wage Hike, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 85 (May) 232-37. Gramlich, E. (1976), Impact of Minimum advantage on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 409-51.Lang, K. (1994), The Effect of Minimum Wage Laws on the Distribution of Employment Theory and Evidence, works Paper, Boston University.Neumark, D., and W. Wascher (1995), The Effects of Minimum Wages on Teenage Employment and Enrollment Evidence from Matched CPS Surveys, NBER Working Paper No. 5092, April.Smith, R., and B. Vavrichek (1992), The Wage Mobility of Minimum Wage Workers, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46 (October) 82-88.